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<title>Defective verb</title>

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Defective verb

</h1>

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In <a href="Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, a defective verb is a <a href="Verb" title="Verb">verb</a> that either lacks a <a href="Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugated</a> form or entails incomplete conjugation, and thus cannot be conjugated for certain grammatical <a href="Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tenses</a>, <a href="Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspects</a>, <a href="Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">persons</a>, <a href="Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">genders</a>, or <a href="Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">moods</a> that the majority of verbs or a "normal" or regular verb in a particular language can be conjugated for. That is to say, a defective verb lacks forms that most verbs in a particular language have.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English">English</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_defectives">Common defectives</h3></div>

The most commonly recognized defective verbs in <a href="English_language" title="English language">English</a> are auxiliary verbs—the class of <a href="Preterite-present_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Preterite-present verb">preterite-present verbs</a>—can/could, may/might, shall/should, must, ought, and will/would (would being a later historical development). Though these verbs were not originally defective, in most varieties of English today, they occur only in a <a href="Modal_auxiliary" class="mw-redirect" title="Modal auxiliary">modal auxiliary</a> sense. However, unlike normal auxiliary verbs, they are not regularly conjugated in the infinitive mood. Therefore, these defective auxiliaries do not accept each other as objects. Additionally, they do not regularly appear as participles.

For example, can lacks an infinitive, future tense, participle, imperative, and <a href="Gerund" title="Gerund">gerund</a>. The missing parts of speech are instead supplied by using the appropriate forms of to be plus able to. So, while I could write and I was able to write have the same meaning, I could has two meanings depending on use, which are I was able to or I would be able to. One cannot say *I will can, which is instead expressed as I will be able to. Similarly, must has no true past tense form, this instead being supplied by had (the past tense of have), and "to have to" in the infinitive, an example of composite conjugation. The past tense expressing the obligatory aspect of must is expressed as "had to", as in He had to go. "Must have", on the other hand, expresses probability or likelihood in modern English; for example, "If that's thunder, there must have been lightning."

Some verbs are becoming more defective as time goes on; for example, although might is etymologically the past tense (<a href="Preterite" title="Preterite">preterite</a>) of may, it is no longer generally used as such (for example, *he might not go<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> to mean "he was forbidden to go"). Similarly, should is no longer used as the past of shall, but with a separate meaning indicating possibility or moral obligation. (However, the use of the preterite form should as a <a href="English_subjunctive" title="English subjunctive">subjunctive form</a> continues, as in If I should go there tomorrow, ..., which contrasts with the indicative form I shall go there tomorrow.) The defective verb ought was etymologically the past tense of owe (the affection he ought his children), but it has since split off, leaving owe as a non-defective verb with its original sense and a regular past tense (owed).

Beyond the modal auxiliaries, beware is a fully defective verb in current Modern English: its only, unmarked form is regularly used (in simple aspect, active voice) in the infinitive (I must beware of the dog), imperative (Beware of the dog, [Let the] buyer beware) and subjunctive (She insists that he beware of the dog), but too much of the finite indicative mood is formally lacking (all simple past *bewared, one simple present *bewares, all aspects *am bewaring, etc.). The word begone is similar: any usage other than as an imperative is highly marked. Another defective verb is the archaic quoth, a past tense which is the only surviving form of the verb quethe, "to say" (related to bequeath).

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impersonal_verbs">Impersonal verbs</h3></div>

<a href="Impersonal_verb" title="Impersonal verb">Impersonal verbs</a> such as to rain and to snow share some characteristics with the defective verbs in that forms such as I rain or they snow are not often found; however, the crucial distinction is that impersonal verbs are "missing" certain forms for semantic reasons—in other words, the forms themselves exist and the verb is capable of being fully conjugated with all its forms (and is therefore not defective) but some forms are unlikely to be found because they appear meaningless or nonsensical.

Nevertheless, native speakers can typically use and understand metaphorical or even literal sentences where the "meaningless" forms exist, such as I rained on his parade or She doesn't frost cakes, she snows them.

Contrast the impersonal verb rain (all the forms of which exist, even if they sometimes look semantically odd) with the defective verb can (only I can and I could are possible). In most cases, a synonym for the defective verb must be used instead (for example, "to be able to"). (The forms with an asterisk ⟨*⟩ are impossible, at least with respect to the relevant sense of the verb; these phonemes may by coincidence be attested with respect to a <a href="Homograph" title="Homograph">homograph</a> [as with "canning" = "the act of preserving and <a href="Canning" title="Canning">packaging in cans</a>"].)

<table>

<td>I am able to

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>I rained</td>

<td>I could</td>

<td>I was able to

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>I am raining</td>

<td>*I am canning</td>

<td>*I am being able to

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>I have rained</td>

<td>*I have could</td>

<td>I have been able to

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>to be able to

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arabic">Arabic</h2></div>

In <a href="Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, defective verbs are called أفعال جامدة ʾafʿāl jāmidah (lit., 'solid verbs'). These verbs do not change tense, nor do they form related nouns. A famous example is the verb <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3" class="extiw external" title="wikt:ليس">لَيْسَ⁩</a> laysa 'it is not', though it is not the only auxiliary verb that exhibits this property. Some Arabic grammarians argue that <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85#Arabic" class="extiw external" title="wikt:دام">دَامَ⁩</a> dāma (as an auxiliary verb) is also completely defective; those who dispute this claim still consider it partially defective. Some other partially defective verbs are <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A6" class="extiw external" title="wikt:فتئ">فَتِئَ⁩</a> fatiʔa and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%84" class="extiw external" title="wikt:زال">زَالَ⁩</a> zāla, which have neither an imperative form nor an infinitive form when used as auxiliary verbs.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catalan">Catalan</h2></div>

In <a href="Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, defective verbs are usually defective for semantic reasons.<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a> Due to their impersonal nature, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/haver-hi" class="extiw external" title="wikt:haver-hi">haver-hi</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/caldre" class="extiw external" title="wikt:caldre">caldre</a> are only used in the third person. The implicit repetition intrinsic to the meaning of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/soler#Catalan" class="extiw external" title="wikt:soler">soler</a> results in it only having forms in the present and imperfect tenses. Verbs pertaining to meteorological phenomena, such as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ploure" class="extiw external" title="wikt:ploure">ploure</a>, can only be conjugated in the third person singular, although a third person plural form is also possible when used with a metaphorical sense. Additionally, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lleure" class="extiw external" title="wikt:lleure">lleure</a> is used only in the third person, while <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dar#Catalan" class="extiw external" title="wikt:dar">dar</a> lacks present tense forms, with the exceptions of the first person plural and second person plural. Defective verbs in Catalan can generally also be used in the impersonal forms of the infinitive, gerund, and past participle.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Finnish">Finnish</h2></div>

At least one Finnish verb lacks the first infinitive (dictionary/lemma) form. In Finnish, "kutian helposti" ("I'm sensitive to tickling") can be said, but for the verb "kutian" (here conjugated in singular first person, present tense) there is no non-conjugated form. Hypothetically, the first infinitive could be "kudita", but this form is not actually used. Additionally, the <a href="Negative_verb" title="Negative verb">negative verb</a> (ei, et, en, emme...) has neither an infinitive form nor a 1st person singular imperative form.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="French">French</h2></div>

There are several defective verbs in French.

<ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/falloir#French" class="extiw external" title="wikt:falloir">falloir</a> ("to be necessary"; only the third-person forms with il exist; the present indicative conjugation, il faut, is very commonly used, <a href="Impersonal_verb" title="Impersonal verb">impersonal verb</a>)</li>

<li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/braire#French" class="extiw external" title="wikt:braire">braire</a> ("to bray"; only infinitive, present participle, and third-person forms exist)<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a></li>

<li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/frire#French" class="extiw external" title="wikt:frire">frire</a> ("to fry"; lacks non-compound past forms; speakers paraphrase with equivalent forms of faire frire)</li>

<li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/clore#French" class="extiw external" title="wikt:clore">clore</a> ("to conclude"; lacks an imperfect conjugation, as well as first and second person plural present indicative conjugations)</li>

<li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/g%C3%A9sir#French" class="extiw external" title="wikt:gésir">gésir</a> ("to lie horizontally", often used in inscriptions on gravestones; can only be conjugated in the present, imperfect, present imperative, present participle and extremely rarely, the simple future forms)</li></ul>

Impersonal verbs, such as weather verbs, function as they do in English.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="German">German</h2></div>

In contemporary German, the verb erkiesen, which means "to choose/elect" (usually referring to a person chosen for a special task or honour), is only used in the past participle (erkoren) and, more rarely, the past tense (ich erkor etc.). All other forms, including the infinitive, have long become obsolete and are now unknown and unintelligible to modern speakers. It remains commonplace in the closely related <a href="Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch language</a> as verkiezen; for example, <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkiezingen_in_Nederland" class="extiw external" title="nl:Verkiezingen in Nederland">Verkiezingen in Nederland</a> (<a href="Elections_in_the_Netherlands" title="Elections in the Netherlands">Elections in the Netherlands</a>).

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classical_Greek">Classical Greek</h2></div>

"No single <a href="Classical_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Greek">Greek</a> verb shows all the tenses", and "most verbs have only six of" the nine classes of tense-systems, and "[s]carcely any verb shows all nine systems".<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a>

The verb χρή (khrē, 'it is necessary'), only exists in the third-person-singular present and imperfect ἐχρῆν / χρῆν (ekhrēn / khrēn, 'it was necessary').

There are also verbs like οἶδα (oida, 'I know'), which use the perfect form for the present and the pluperfect (here ᾔδη ēidē, 'I was knowing') for the imperfect.

Additionally, the verb εἰμί (eimi, 'I am') only has a present, a future and an imperfect – it lacks an aorist, a perfect, a pluperfect and a future perfect.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hindustani">Hindustani</h2></div>

In <a href="Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> (<a href="Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> and <a href="Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>) all the verbs except the verb hona (to be) lack the following conjugations.

<ol><li>Indicative Mood

<ul><li>Present</li>

<li>Imperfect</li></ul></li>

<li>Presumptive Mood</li>

<li>Subjunctive Mood

<ul><li>Present</li></ul></li></ol>

The comparison between the conjugations of hona (to be) and the conjugations of all other verbs are shown in the table below:

<table>

<td>

<td colspan="10">non-aspectual conjugations of "honā (to be)"

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th rowspan="5">mood

</th>

<th rowspan="5">tense

</th>

<th colspan="6">singular

</th>

<th colspan="2">plural

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th colspan="2" rowspan="3">1P - mãĩ

</th>

<th colspan="2" rowspan="3">2P - tum1

</th>

<th colspan="2" rowspan="2">3P - yah/ye, vah/vo

</th>

<th colspan="2">1P - ham1

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th colspan="2">2P - āp1

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th colspan="2">2P - tū

</th>

<th colspan="2">3P - ye, ve/vo

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>♂

</th>

<th>♀

</th>

<th>♂

</th>

<th>♀

</th>

<th>♂

</th>

<th>♀

</th>

<th>♂

</th>

<th>♀

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td rowspan="5">indicative

</td>

<td>present

</td>

<td colspan="2">hū̃

</td>

<td colspan="2">ho

</td>

<td colspan="2">hai

</td>

<td colspan="2">hãĩ

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>perfect

</td>

<td>huā

</td>

<td>huī

</td>

<td>hue

</td>

<td>huī

</td>

<td>huā

</td>

<td>huī

</td>

<td>hue

</td>

<td>huī̃

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>imperfect

</td>

<td>thā

</td>

<td>thī

</td>

<td>the

</td>

<td>thī

</td>

<td>thā

</td>

<td>thī

</td>

<td>the

</td>

<td>thī̃

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>future2 - 1

</td>

<td>hoū̃gā

</td>

<td>hoū̃gī

</td>

<td>hooge

</td>

<td>hoogī

</td>

<td>hoegā

</td>

<td>hoegī

</td>

<td>hoẽge

</td>

<td>hoẽgī

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>future2 - 2

</td>

<td rowspan="3">hū̃gā

</td>

<td rowspan="3">hū̃gī

</td>

<td rowspan="3">hoge

</td>

<td rowspan="3">hogī

</td>

<td rowspan="3">hogā

</td>

<td rowspan="3">hogī

</td>

<td rowspan="3">hõge

</td>

<td rowspan="3">hõgī

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td rowspan="2">presumptive

</td>

<td>present

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>past

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td rowspan="2">subjunctive

</td>

<td>present

</td>

<td colspan="2">hū̃

</td>

<td colspan="2">ho

</td>

<td colspan="2">ho

</td>

<td colspan="2">hõ

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>future

</td>

<td colspan="2">hoū̃

</td>

<td colspan="2">hoo

</td>

<td colspan="2">hoe

</td>

<td colspan="2">hoẽ

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>contrafactual

</td>

<td>past

</td>

<td>hotā

</td>

<td>hotī

</td>

<td>hote

</td>

<td>hotī

</td>

<td>hotā

</td>

<td>hotī

</td>

<td>hote

</td>

<td>hotī̃

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td rowspan="2">imperative

</td>

<td>present

</td>

<td colspan="2">—

</td>

<td colspan="2">hoo

</td>

<td colspan="2">ho

</td>

<td colspan="2">hoiye

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>future

</td>

<td colspan="2">—

</td>

<td colspan="2">honā

</td>

<td colspan="2">hoiyo

</td>

<td colspan="2">hoiyegā

</td></tr></tbody></table>

</td>

<td>

<td colspan="10">non-aspectual conjugations of "karnā (to do)"

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th rowspan="5">mood

</th>

<th rowspan="5">tense

</th>

<th colspan="6">singular

</th>

<th colspan="2">plural

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th colspan="2" rowspan="3">1P - mãĩ

</th>

<th colspan="2" rowspan="3">2P - tum1

</th>

<th colspan="2" rowspan="2">3P - yah/ye, vah/vo

</th>

<th colspan="2">1P - ham1

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th colspan="2">2P - āp1

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th colspan="2">2P - tū

</th>

<th colspan="2">3P - ye, ve/vo

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>♂

</th>

<th>♀

</th>

<th>♂

</th>

<th>♀

</th>

<th>♂

</th>

<th>♀

</th>

<th>♂

</th>

<th>♀

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td rowspan="5">indicative

</td>

<td>present

</td>

<td colspan="2">—

</td>

<td colspan="2">—

</td>

<td colspan="2">—

</td>

<td colspan="2">—

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>perfect

</td>

<td>kiyā

</td>

<td>kī

</td>

<td>kiye

</td>

<td>kī

</td>

<td>kiyā

</td>

<td>kī

</td>

<td>kiye

</td>

<td>kī̃

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>imperfect

</td>

<td>—

</td>

<td>—

</td>

<td>—

</td>

<td>—

</td>

<td>—

</td>

<td>—

</td>

<td>—

</td>

<td>—

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>future2 - 1

</td>

<td>karū̃gā

</td>

<td>karū̃gī

</td>

<td>karoge

</td>

<td>karogī

</td>

<td>karegā

</td>

<td>karegī

</td>

<td>karẽge

</td>

<td>karẽgī

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>future2 - 2

</td>

<td rowspan="3">—

</td>

<td rowspan="3">—

</td>

<td rowspan="3">—

</td>

<td rowspan="3">—

</td>

<td rowspan="3">—

</td>

<td rowspan="3">—

</td>

<td rowspan="3">—

</td>

<td rowspan="3">—

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td rowspan="2">presumptive

</td>

<td>present

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>past

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td rowspan="2">subjunctive

</td>

<td>present

</td>

<td>—

</td>

<td>—

</td>

<td>—

</td>

<td>—

</td>

<td>—

</td>

<td>—

</td>

<td>—

</td>

<td>—

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>future

</td>

<td colspan="2">karū̃

</td>

<td colspan="2">karo

</td>

<td colspan="2">kare

</td>

<td colspan="2">karẽ

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>contrafactual

</td>

<td>past

</td>

<td>kartā

</td>

<td>kartī

</td>

<td>karte

</td>

<td>kartī

</td>

<td>kartā

</td>

<td>kartī

</td>

<td>karte

</td>

<td>kartī̃

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td rowspan="2">imperative

</td>

<td>present

</td>

<td colspan="2">—

</td>

<td colspan="2">karo

</td>

<td colspan="2">kar

</td>

<td colspan="2">kariye

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>future

</td>

<td colspan="2">—

</td>

<td colspan="2">karnā

</td>

<td colspan="2">kariyo

</td>

<td colspan="2">kariyegā

</td></tr></tbody></table>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="2">1 the pronouns tum, āp, and ham can be used in both singular and plural sense, akin to the English pronoun you, although the singular use of ham is proscribed.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="2">2 the indicative future 1 and future 2 conjugations are <a href="Synonym" title="Synonym">synonymous</a>, however, only the future 2 conjugations can be used as the <a href="Presumptive_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Presumptive mood">presumptive mood</a> copula.

</td></tr></tbody></table>

Some verbs in Hindustani which have monosyllabic verb roots ending in the vowels /i/, /ī/ or /e/ are defective because they have the second person intimate and formal future imperative conjugations which are uncommon to native speakers of Hindustani and are almost rarely used. The * mark before some intimate imperative forms below shows those rarely used forms.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a>

<th rowspan="2">Verbs

</th>

<th rowspan="2">Infinitive

</th>

<th colspan="2">Intimate

</th>

<th colspan="2">Neutral

</th>

<th colspan="2">Formal

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>Present

</th>

<th>Future

</th>

<th>Present

</th>

<th>Future

</th>

<th>Present

</th>

<th>Future

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>do

</th>

<th>karnā

</th>

<td>kar

</td>

<td>kariyo

</td>

<td>karo

</td>

<td>karnā

</td>

<td>kījiye

</td>

<td>kījiyegā

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>give

</th>

<th>denā

</th>

<td>de

</td>

<td>diyo

</td>

<td>do

</td>

<td>denā

</td>

<td>dījiye

</td>

<td>dījiyegā

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>drink

</th>

<th>pīnā

</th>

<td>pī

</td>

<td>*pīiyo

</td>

<td>piyo

</td>

<td>pīnā

</td>

<td>pījiye

</td>

<td>pījiyegā

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>live

</th>

<th>jīnā

</th>

<td>jī

</td>

<td>*jīiyo

</td>

<td>jiyo

</td>

<td>jīnā

</td>

<td>*jīiye

</td>

<td>*jīiyegā

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>sew

</th>

<th>sīnā

</th>

<td>sī

</td>

<td>*sīiyo

</td>

<td>siyo

</td>

<td>sīnā

</td>

<td>*sīiye

</td>

<td>*sīiyegā

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hungarian">Hungarian</h2></div>

Some <a href="Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> verbs have either no subjunctive forms or forms which sound uncommon to native speakers; for example, csuklik 'hiccup'. See also <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/template:U:hu-disputed-defective-verb" class="extiw external" title="wikt:template:U:hu-disputed-defective-verb">a short summary about them</a> in the English-language Wiktionary.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Icelandic">Icelandic</h2></div>

The <a href="Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> verb <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ske#Icelandic" class="extiw external" title="wikt:ske">ske</a> 'happen', a borrowing from <a href="Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, has only a third person inflection and is one of a few Icelandic verbs not to end in -a (like verbs in -á and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%BEvo#Icelandic" class="extiw external" title="wikt:þvo">þvo</a>). The verbs <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/munu#Icelandic" class="extiw external" title="wikt:munu">munu</a> 'will' and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/skulu#Icelandic" class="extiw external" title="wikt:skulu">skulu</a> 'shall' also end in a vowel other than -a and lack all past indicative forms.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Irish">Irish</h2></div>

Arsa 'says' can be used only in the past or present tense. The <a href="Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">copula</a> is lacks a future tense, an imperative mood, and a verbal noun. It has no distinct conditional tense forms either, but conditional expressions are possible, expressed using past tense forms; for example Ba mhaith liom é, which can mean both 'I liked it' and 'I would like it'. The imperative mood is sometimes suppletively created by using the imperative forms of the substantive verb bí. Future tense forms, however, are impossible and can only be expressed periphrastically.

There is also dar '[it] appears, seems', a temporally independent verb that always appears in combination with the preposition le.

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</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div>Dar liom go bhfuil ceart agat.</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">Dar liomIt seems to me</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">gothat</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">bhfuilbe.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="present tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRES</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="dependent" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEP</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="indirect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INDIR</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="relative(izer)" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REL</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ceartcorrect</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">agat.at.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr></div>{Dar liom} go bhfuil ceart agat.{It seems to me} that be.PRES.DEP.INDIR.REL correct at.2SG"It seems to me that you are right."<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Korean">Korean</h2></div>

Korean has several defective verbs. (말다 malda 'to stop or desist') may only be used in the imperative form or in the <a href="Hortative" title="Hortative">hortative</a> form, after an 'action verb + 지 (ji)' construction. Within this scope it can still conjugate for different levels of politeness, such as 하지 마! Haji ma! 'Stop that!', in contrast with 하지 마십시오 Haji masipsiyo 'Please, don't do that'. Also, 데리다 derida 'to bring/pick up someone' is only used as 데리고 derigo 'bringing X and...', 데리러derireo 'in order to pick up', or 데려 deryeo 'to pick up' in some compound forms.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latin">Latin</h2></div>

<a href="Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> has defective verbs that possess forms only in the <a href="Perfect_(grammar)" title="Perfect (grammar)">perfect</a> tense; such verbs have no present tense forms whatsoever. These verbs are still present in meaning. For example, the first-person form odi ("I hate") and infinitive odisse ("to hate") appear to be the perfect of a hypothetical verb *odo/odio, but in fact have a present-tense meaning. Similarly, the verb memini, meminisse is conjugated in the perfect, yet has a present meaning:

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</style><div class="block-indent">meminī</div>

<div class="block-indent">meministī</div>

<div class="block-indent">meminit</div>

<div class="block-indent">meminimus</div>

<div class="block-indent">meministis</div>

<div class="block-indent">meminērunt</div>

Instead of the past-tense "I remembered", "you remembered", etc., these forms signify the present-tense "I remember", "you remember", etc. Latin defective verbs also possess regularly formed <a href="Pluperfect" title="Pluperfect">pluperfect</a> forms with simple past tense meanings and <a href="Future_perfect" title="Future perfect">future perfect</a> forms with simple future tense meanings. Compare <a href="Deponent_verb" title="Deponent verb">deponent verbs</a>, which are passive in form but active in meaning.

The verb coepī, coepisse, which means "to have begun" or "began", is another verb that lacks a present tense system. However, it is not present in meaning. The verb incipiō, incipere ("I begin," "to begin") is used in the present tense instead. This is not a case of <a href="Suppletion" title="Suppletion">suppletion</a>, however, because the verb incipere can also be used in the perfect.

The verbs inquit and ait, both meaning "said", cannot be conjugated through all forms. Both verbs lack numerous inflected forms, with entire tenses and voices missing altogether.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Malayic">Malayic</h2></div>

Many <a href="Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic languages</a>, including <a href="Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> and <a href="Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>, have many defective verbs. Defective verbs in the related Besemah language (<a href="South_Barisan_Malay" title="South Barisan Malay">South Barisan Malay</a>), for example, have been explained by McDonnell (2016). He is not directly using the term "defective verb", but instead "verb root productivity".<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a>

<caption>Verb inflection in Besemah

</caption>

</th>

<th rowspan="2">Bound root

</th>

<th colspan="2">Verbal root

</th>

<th rowspan="2">Nominal root

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>Transitive

</th>

<th>Intransitive

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th rowspan="2">Root

</th>

<td>*capak

</td>

<td>idup

</td>

<td>tanam

</td>

<td>gunting

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>"to discard"

</td>

<td>"to live"

</td>

<td>"to plant"

</td>

<td>"scissors"

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th rowspan="2">Free

</th>

<td rowspan="2">—

</td>

<td>idup

</td>

<td>tanam

</td>

<td>gunting

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>"live, on"

</td>

<td>"plant (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">

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</style><a href="Patient_voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Patient voice">pv</a>)"

</td>

<td>"scissors"

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th rowspan="2">-an

</th>

<td>capakan

</td>

<td rowspan="2">—

</td>

<td>tanaman

</td>

<td>guntingan

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>"discarded"

</td>

<td>"plant"

</td>

<td>"cut"

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th rowspan="2">be-

</th>

<td>becapak

</td>

<td rowspan="2">—

</td>

<td>betanam

</td>

<td>begunting

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>"take off"

</td>

<td>"plant rice"

</td>

<td>"use/have scissors"

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th rowspan="2">te-

</th>

<td>tecapak

</td>

<td>teidup

</td>

<td>tetanam

</td>

<td>tegunting

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>"inadvertently discarded"

</td>

<td>"inadvertently take on"

</td>

<td>"be planted"

</td>

<td>"inadvertently cut"

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th rowspan="2">N-

</th>

<td>ncapak

</td>

<td rowspan="2">—

</td>

<td>ntanam

</td>

<td>nggunting

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>"throw up"

</td>

<td>"plant"

</td>

<td>"cut"

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th rowspan="2">pv

</th>

<td rowspan="2">—

</td>

<td rowspan="2">—

</td>

<td>(di)tanam

</td>

<td>digunting

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>"plant"

</td>

<td>"cut"

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th rowspan="2">-ka

</th>

<td>capakka

</td>

<td>idupka

</td>

<td>tanamka

</td>

<td>guntingka

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>"throw away"

</td>

<td>"turn on"

</td>

<td>"plant"

</td>

<td>"cut on"

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th rowspan="2">-i

</th>

<td>capaki

</td>

<td>idupi

</td>

<td>tanami

</td>

<td>guntingi

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>"take off"

</td>

<td>"watch over"

</td>

<td>"plant in"

</td>

<td>"cut (repeatedly)"

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Polish">Polish</h2></div>

Widać 'it is evident' and słychać 'it is audible' are both highly defective in <a href="Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>. The only forms of these verbs that exist are the infinitives. They both work as impersonal verbs in a visible or audible situation that does not require another verb (although may have one), and they have no distinction between singular and plural. For example Widać blask wśród drzew 'A glow is visible among the trees' or Jego głos słychać w całym domu 'His voice can be heard in the whole house'.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portuguese">Portuguese</h2></div>

A large number of <a href="Portuguese_verb_conjugation" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese verb conjugation">Portuguese verbs</a> are defective in <a href="Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a>; that is, they lack the proper form for one of the pronouns in some tense. The verb colorir ("to color") has no first-person singular in the present, thus requiring a paraphrase, like estou colorindo ("I am coloring") or the use of another verb of a similar meaning, like pintar ("to paint").

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Russian">Russian</h2></div>

Some <a href="Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> verbs are defective, in that they lack a first person singular non-past form: for example, победить 'to win', убедить 'to convince', дудеть 'to play the pipe'. These are all verbs whose stem ends in a palatalized <a href="Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar consonant</a>;<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> they are not a <a href="Closed_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed class">closed class</a>, but include in their number neologisms and loanwords such as френдить (to friend, as on a social network).<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> Where such a verb form would be required, speakers typically substitute a synonymous verb (Я выиграю), or use a <a href="Periphrasis" title="Periphrasis">periphrastic</a> construction involving <a href="Nominalization" title="Nominalization">nominalization</a> and an additional verb (Я одержу победу). Also the word могу 'I'll be able to, I'll manage to' is used: (Я) смогу победить, (я) смогу убедить.

Many experiential verbs describe processes that humans cannot generally undergo, such as пригореть 'to be burnt, regarding food', куститься 'to grow in clusters', and протекать 'to seep'—are ordinarily nonsensical in the first or second person. As these forms rarely appear, they are often described as "defective" in descriptions of <a href="Russian_grammar" title="Russian grammar">Russian grammar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> However, this is a semantic constraint rather than a syntactic one; compare the classic nonsensical-but-grammatical sentence <a href="Colorless_green_ideas_sleep_furiously" title="Colorless green ideas sleep furiously">Colorless green ideas sleep furiously</a>, or more directly, the English phrase I am raining. First and second person forms of these verbs do see use in metaphor and poetry.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spanish">Spanish</h2></div>

Spanish defective verbs generally use forms with stem endings that begin with -i.<a href="#cite_note-nrg-11">[10]</a> The verbs are not commonly used.

<ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aguerrir#Spanish" class="extiw external" title="wikt:aguerrir">aguerrir</a></li>

<li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/arrecir#Spanish" class="extiw external" title="wikt:arrecir">arrecir</a>se</li>

<li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aterir#Spanish" class="extiw external" title="wikt:aterir">aterir</a>se</li>

<li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/balbucir#Spanish" class="extiw external" title="wikt:balbucir">balbucir</a> (found in forms ending in -i, but mostly replaced by <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/balbucear#Spanish" class="extiw external" title="wikt:balbucear">balbucear</a>)</li>

<li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/blandir#Spanish" class="extiw external" title="wikt:blandir">blandir</a></li>

<li>despavorir</li>

<li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/empedernir#Spanish" class="extiw external" title="wikt:empedernir">empedernir</a></li>

<li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/garantir#Spanish" class="extiw external" title="wikt:garantir">garantir</a> (usually replaced by garantizar, which is regular)</li>

<li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/soler#Spanish" class="extiw external" title="wikt:soler">soler</a> (always used as helping verb, so many forms, although possible, won't make sense)</li>

<li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/usucapir#Spanish" class="extiw external" title="wikt:usucapir">usucapir</a> (to acquire property rights through customary use; only in the infinitive in legal texts)<a href="#cite_note-nrg-11">[10]</a></li></ul>

The following two verbs used to be defective verbs but are now normally conjugated.

<ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/abolir#Spanish" class="extiw external" title="wikt:abolir">abolir</a> (the Nueva gramática de la lengua española from the Real Academia (section 4.14d) now conjugates it normally, using abolo / aboles, etc.)</li>

<li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/agredir#Spanish" class="extiw external" title="wikt:agredir">agredir</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Swedish">Swedish</h2></div>

The auxiliary verb måste 'must' lacks an infinitive, except in Swedish dialects spoken in Finland. Also, the verb is unique in that the form måste serves as both a present 'must' and past 'had to' form. The <a href="Supine#Germanic_languages" title="Supine">supine</a> måst is rare.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Turkish">Turkish</h2></div>

While the <a href="Turkish_copula" title="Turkish copula">Turkish copula</a> is not considered a verb in <a href="Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">modern Turkish</a>, it originated as the defective verb *imek — which is now written and pronounced as a suffix of the predicate. *İmek and the suffixes derived from it exist in only a few tenses; it is replaced by negative değil in the tenses originally supplied by *imek, and remaining forms by olmak 'to become' otherwise.

The verb can be conjugated only in certain tenses: past idi, inferential perfective imiş, conditional ise, and (non-finite) personal past participle idük (usable with possessive suffixes, notice the form was irregular).

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ukrainian">Ukrainian</h2></div>

<a href="Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> Verbs ending in -вісти (for example, розповісти 'to tell <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr>' and відповісти 'to answer <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr>') lack imperative mood forms; imperfective verbs are used instead (for example, відповідай).

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Welsh">Welsh</h2></div>

<a href="Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> has several defective verbs, a number of which are archaic or literary. Some of the more common ones in everyday use include dylwn ("I should/ought"), found only in the imperfect and pluperfect tenses, meddaf ("I say"), found only in the present and imperfect, and geni ("to be born"), which only has a verb-noun and impersonal forms; for example, Ganwyd hi (She was born, literally "one bore her"). Common defective verbs in the spoken language are eisiau (pronounced, and often spelt, as isio or isie) and angen which mean 'to want' and 'to need' respectively; both are in fact nouns but are used in speech as if they were verb-nouns though they do not take the preceding yn, compare dw i'n canu 'I sing' vs. dw i eisiau 'I want'. The literary language would use these as nouns and not as defective verbs; for example, mae eisiau arnaf 'I want', literally 'there is a want on me'.

<ul><li><a href="Unpaired_word" title="Unpaired word">Unpaired word</a> – another form of lexical gap</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> This article uses <a href="Asterisk#Ungrammaticality" title="Asterisk">asterisks</a> to indicate ungrammatical examples.

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110902190513/http://www2.iec.cat/institucio/seccions/Filologica/gramatica/morfologia/20VerbsIrregulars.pdf">"Morfologia flexiva"</a> (PDF). <a href="Institute_of_Catalan_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Catalan Studies">IEC</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.iec.cat/institucio/seccions/Filologica/gramatica/morfologia/20VerbsIrregulars.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2011-09-02. Retrieved 2011-10-04.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Girodet, Jean. Dictionnaire du bon français, Bordas, 1981. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>2-04-010580-8</bdi>,

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<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSmyth1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Herbert_Weir_Smyth" title="Herbert Weir Smyth">Smyth, Herbert Weir</a> (1956) [1920]. Greek Grammar. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 108–109. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-674-36250-0</bdi>.</cite> <code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) §§362, 368a

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<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPoornima,_Shakthi2012" class="citation thesis cs1">Poornima, Shakthi (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1029863291">Hindi Aspectual Complex Predicates at the Syntax-Semantics Interface</a> (PhD thesis). <a href="University_at_Buffalo" title="University at Buffalo">University at Buffalo</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-267-45782-0</bdi>. <a href="ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1029863291">1029863291</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMcDonnell2016" class="citation thesis cs1">McDonnell, Bradley (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alexandria.ucsb.edu/lib/ark:/48907/f3mp53bw">Symmetrical voice constructions in Besemah: a usage-based approach</a> (PhD Dissertation). Santa Barbara: University of California Santa Barbara.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDalandSimsPierrehumbert" class="citation conference cs1">Daland, Robert; Sims, Andrea D.; Pierrehumbert, Janet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P/P07/P07-1118.pdf">Much ado about nothing: A social network model of Russian paradigmatic gaps</a> (PDF). Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistic.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBaronianKulinich2012" class="citation book cs1">Baronian, Luc; Kulinich, Elena (2012). "Paradigm gaps in Whole Word Morphology". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0VmolyGfoiUC&pg=PA93">Irregularity in Morphology (and Beyond)</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classes.ru/grammar/114.Rosental/13-n/html/unnamed_17.html">"Репетитор по английскому языку в Санкт-Петербурге"</a> (in Russian).</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFTatiana2010" class="citation web cs1">Tatiana (2010-10-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141102232315/https://www.ruspan.com/blog//index.php/2010/10/13/russian-defective-verbs">"Russian defective verbs"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ruspan.com/blog//index.php/2010/10/13/russian-defective-verbs">the original</a> on 2 November 2014.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-nrg-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nrg_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nrg_11-1">b</a> Butt, John. A New Reference Grammar to Modern Spanish. 5th Edition. p. 175.

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBaermanBrownCorbett2009a" class="citation book cs1">Baerman, Matthew; Brown, Dunstan; Corbett, Greville G. (2009a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/defectiveness/typological">Surrey Typological Database on Defectiveness</a>. University of Surrey. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15126%2FSMG.21%2F1">10.15126/SMG.21/1</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBaermanBrownCorbett2009b" class="citation book cs1">Baerman, Matthew; Brown, Dunstan; Corbett, Greville G. (2009b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/defectiveness/cross-linguistic">Surrey Cross-linguistic Database on Defectiveness</a>. University of Surrey. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15126%2FSMG.21%2F2">10.15126/SMG.21/2</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBaermanBrownCorbett2010" class="citation book cs1">Baerman, Matthew; Brown, Dunstan; Corbett, Greville G., eds. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780197264607.do">Defective paradigms: Missing forms and what they tell us</a>. Proceedings of the British Academy. Vol. 163. Oxford: Oxford University Press and British Academy. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-726460-7</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Lexical_categories_and_their_features201" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Part_of_speech" title="Part of speech">Lexical categories</a> and their features</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Noun" title="Noun">Noun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abstract_and_concrete" title="Abstract and concrete">Abstract / Concrete</a></li>

<li><a href="Adjectival_noun_(Japanese)" title="Adjectival noun (Japanese)">Adjectival</a></li>

<li><a href="Agent_noun" title="Agent noun">Agent</a></li>

<li><a href="Animacy" title="Animacy">Animacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Collective_noun" title="Collective noun">Collective</a></li>

<li><a href="Count_noun" title="Count noun">Countable</a></li>

<li><a href="Initial-stress-derived_noun" title="Initial-stress-derived noun">Initial-stress-derived</a></li>

<li><a href="Noun_adjunct" title="Noun adjunct">Noun adjunct</a></li>

<li><a href="Proper_and_common_nouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper and common nouns">Proper</a></li>

<li><a href="Relational_noun" title="Relational noun">Relational</a></li>

<li><a href="Strong_noun" title="Strong noun">Strong</a> / <a href="Weak_noun" title="Weak noun">Weak</a></li>

<li><a href="Verbal_noun" title="Verbal noun">Verbal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Verb" title="Verb">Verb</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Attributive_verb" title="Attributive verb">Attributive</a></li>

<li><a href="Converb" title="Converb">Converb</a></li>

<li><a href="Finite_verb" title="Finite verb">Finite</a> / <a href="Nonfinite_verb" title="Nonfinite verb">Nonfinite</a></li>

<li><a href="Gerund" title="Gerund">Gerund</a></li>

<li><a href="Gerundive" title="Gerundive">Gerundive</a></li>

<li><a href="Infinitive" title="Infinitive">Infinitive</a></li>

<li><a href="Participle" title="Participle">Participle</a></li>

<li><a href="Supine" title="Supine">Supine</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgressive_(linguistics)" title="Transgressive (linguistics)">Transgressive</a></li>

<li><a href="Verbal_noun" title="Verbal noun">Verbal noun</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ambitransitive_verb" title="Ambitransitive verb">Ambitransitive</a></li>

<li><a href="Andative_and_venitive" title="Andative and venitive">Andative / Venitive</a></li>

<li><a href="Anticausative_verb" title="Anticausative verb">Anticausative</a></li>

<li><a href="Autocausative_verb" title="Autocausative verb">Autocausative</a></li>

<li><a href="Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">Auxiliary</a></li>

<li><a href="Captative_verb" title="Captative verb">Captative</a></li>

<li><a href="Catenative_verb" title="Catenative verb">Catenative</a></li>

<li><a href="Compound_verb" title="Compound verb">Compound</a></li>

<li><a href="Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">Copular</a></li>

<li><a href="Denominal_verb" title="Denominal verb">Denominal</a></li>

<li><a href="Deponent_verb" title="Deponent verb">Deponent</a></li>

<li><a href="Ditransitive_verb" title="Ditransitive verb">Ditransitive</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynamic_verb" title="Dynamic verb">Dynamic</a></li>

<li><a href="Exceptional_case-marking" title="Exceptional case-marking">Exceptional case-marking</a></li>

<li><a href="Frequentative" title="Frequentative">Frequentative</a></li>

<li><a href="Germanic_strong_verb" title="Germanic strong verb">Germanic strong</a></li>

<li><a href="Germanic_weak_verb" title="Germanic weak verb">Germanic weak</a></li>

<li><a href="Impersonal_verb" title="Impersonal verb">Impersonal</a></li>

<li><a href="Inchoative_verb" title="Inchoative verb">Inchoative</a></li>

<li><a href="Intransitive_verb" title="Intransitive verb">Intransitive</a></li>

<li><a href="Labile_verb" title="Labile verb">Labile</a></li>

<li><a href="Lexical_verb" title="Lexical verb">Lexical</a></li>

<li><a href="Light_verb" title="Light verb">Light</a></li>

<li><a href="Modal_verb" title="Modal verb">Modal</a></li>

<li><a href="Negative_verb" title="Negative verb">Negative</a></li>

<li><a href="Performative_verb" title="Performative verb">Performative</a></li>

<li><a href="Phrasal_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrasal verb">Phrasal</a></li>

<li><a href="Predicative_verb" title="Predicative verb">Predicative</a></li>

<li><a href="Germanic_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Preterite-present</a></li>

<li><a href="Reflexive_verb" title="Reflexive verb">Reflexive</a></li>

<li><a href="Regular_and_irregular_verbs" title="Regular and irregular verbs">Regular / Irregular</a></li>

<li><a href="Separable_verb" title="Separable verb">Separable</a></li>

<li><a href="Stative_verb" title="Stative verb">Stative</a></li>

<li><a href="Stretched_verb" title="Stretched verb">Stretched</a></li>

<li><a href="Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">Transitive</a></li>

<li><a href="Unaccusative_verb" title="Unaccusative verb">Unaccusative</a></li>

<li><a href="Unergative_verb" title="Unergative verb">Unergative</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Adjective" title="Adjective">Adjective</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Anti-intersective</a></li>

<li><a href="Collateral_adjective" title="Collateral adjective">Collateral</a></li>

<li><a href="Proper_adjective" title="Proper adjective">Common</a></li>

<li><a href="Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstrative</a></li>

<li><a href="Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Intersective</a></li>

<li><a href="Nominalized_adjective" title="Nominalized adjective">Nominalized</a></li>

<li><a href="Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Non-intersective</a></li>

<li><a href="Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li>

<li><a href="Postpositive_adjective" title="Postpositive adjective">Postpositive</a></li>

<li><a href="Proper_adjective" title="Proper adjective">Proper</a></li>

<li><a href="Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Pure intersective</a></li>

<li><a href="Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Relative subsective</a></li>

<li><a href="Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Subsective</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Adverb" title="Adverb">Adverb</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Conjunctive_adverb" title="Conjunctive adverb">Conjunctive</a></li>

<li><a href="Adverbial_genitive" title="Adverbial genitive">Genitive</a></li>

<li><a href="Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a></li>

<li><a href="Locative_adverb" title="Locative adverb">Locative</a></li>

<li><a href="Prepositional_adverb" title="Prepositional adverb">Prepositional</a></li>

<li><a href="Pronominal_adverb" title="Pronominal adverb">Pronominal</a></li>

<li><a href="Relative_clause" title="Relative clause">Relative</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pronoun" title="Pronoun">Pronoun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bound_variable_pronoun" title="Bound variable pronoun">Bound variable</a></li>

<li><a href="Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstrative</a></li>

<li><a href="Disjunctive_pronoun" title="Disjunctive pronoun">Disjunctive</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributive_pronoun" title="Distributive pronoun">Distributive</a></li>

<li><a href="Donkey_sentence" title="Donkey sentence">Donkey</a></li>

<li><a href="Dummy_pronoun" title="Dummy pronoun">Dummy</a></li>

<li><a href="T%E2%80%93V_distinction" title="T–V distinction">Formal / Informal</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns" title="Gender neutrality in languages with gendered third-person pronouns">Gender-neutral</a> / <a href="Preferred_gender_pronoun" title="Preferred gender pronoun">Gender-specific</a></li>

<li><a href="Clusivity" title="Clusivity">Inclusive / Exclusive</a></li>

<li><a href="Indefinite_pronoun" title="Indefinite pronoun">Indefinite</a></li>

<li><a href="Intensive_pronoun" title="Intensive pronoun">Intensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">Personal</a></li>

<li><a href="Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li>

<li><a href="Reciprocal_pronoun" title="Reciprocal pronoun">Reciprocal</a></li>

<li><a href="Reflexive_pronoun" title="Reflexive pronoun">Reflexive</a></li>

<li><a href="Relative_pronoun" title="Relative pronoun">Relative</a></li>

<li><a href="Resumptive_pronoun" title="Resumptive pronoun">Resumptive</a></li>

<li><a href="Weak_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak pronoun">Strong / Weak</a></li>

<li><a href="Subject_pronoun" title="Subject pronoun">Subject</a> / <a href="Object_pronoun" title="Object pronoun">Object</a> / <a href="Prepositional_pronoun" title="Prepositional pronoun">Prepositional</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Preposition_and_postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition and postposition">Adposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Casally_modulated_preposition" title="Casally modulated preposition">Casally modulated</a></li>

<li><a href="Inflected_preposition" title="Inflected preposition">Inflected</a></li>

<li><a href="Preposition_stranding" title="Preposition stranding">Stranded</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Determiner" title="Determiner">Determiner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">Article</a></li>

<li><a href="Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstrative</a></li>

<li><a href="Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a></li>

<li><a href="Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li>

<li><a href="Generalized_quantifier" title="Generalized quantifier">Quantifier</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">Particle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Discourse_marker" title="Discourse marker">Discourse</a></li>

<li><a href="Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a></li>

<li><a href="Modal_particle" title="Modal particle">Modal</a></li>

<li><a href="Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Classifier_(linguistics)" title="Classifier (linguistics)">Classifier</a>

<ul><li><a href="Measure_word" title="Measure word">Measure word</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Complementizer" title="Complementizer">Complementizer</a></li>

<li><a href="Conjunction_(grammar)" title="Conjunction (grammar)">Conjunction</a></li>

<li><a href="Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">Copula</a></li>

<li><a href="Coverb" title="Coverb">Coverb</a></li>

<li><a href="Interjection" title="Interjection">Interjection</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ideophone" title="Ideophone">Ideophone</a></li>

<li><a href="Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">Onomatopoeia</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Preverb" title="Preverb">Preverb</a></li>

<li><a href="Procedure_word" title="Procedure word">Procedure word</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Pro-verb" title="Pro-verb">Pro-verb</a> / <a href="Pro-sentence" title="Pro-sentence">Pro-sentence</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Syntax%E2%80%93semantics_interface" title="Syntax–semantics interface">Syntax–semantics interface</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-05-04" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Defective_verb&oldid=1288774709">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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